In research done by Shuter (1977) the nonverbal behaviors of Germans, Italians, and individuals from the United States were compared. From this study, it was indicated that Italians displayed a significantly higher level of tactile activity. Touch between German pairs and American couples varied only slightly. It was indicated in laboratory conditions by Watson and Graves (1966, as cited in Remland, Johns & Brinkman, 1991), that Americans, English, and Australians were much less tactile than were Arabs and Middle Easterners. Barnlund (1975, as cited in Knapp & Hall, 1992) conducted a comparative study of American and Japanese touching patterns using 120 college students in each culture. The results from this study indicated that the amount of tactile contact reported in the United States was twice that reported by Japanese.
In addition to the studies above, on the http://ldldproject.net/cultures/cambodia/differences/nonverbal.html website, differences in how the Cambodian and American cultures approach touch were addressed.
In the Cambodian culture, kissing, hugging, and shaking hands are not common. Public affection between men, and women, does not occur. It is not appropriate to touch someone's head, or face, because it is considered to be sacred. When greeting another person, one bows, and brings their hands together in a prayer-like motion. As a sign of friendship, members of the same sex hold hands. Last, it is not assumed that a smile is a sign of agreement, or happiness. In fact, laughter in some situations can be viewed as being inappropriate. However, it can also be a sign of nervousness.
In the American culture, kissing is reserved for intimacy, and family. Touching is usually avoided. The most common form of greeting is a handshake. Smiles in the American culture is usually a sign of happiness, and agreement.
another example is how people in Brazil use haptics. Touch is very common in Brazil. Kissing is very common among acquaintances, family, and friends. In addition to kissing, holding hands, embracing, patting, and hugging are all common forms of greeting.
They shake hands when saying goodbye, and in greeting. When departing a small group of people, Brazilians believe it is important to shake everyone's hand. Women greet each other by placing their cheeks together, and kissing the air. If men are well acquainted, they will give a slight slap on the shoulder, or on the stomach, as well as shake hands. In addition, men might give a pat on the back when greeting someone.
Why is it more common in some countries, but not in others? Why is it important for us to know the differences?
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